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Term Papers
Turabian Citation style for 8th & 9th Grade Term Papers
Adapted from Kate L. Turabian’s A Manual For Writers, 7th Edition
Your papers will include a bibliography (a list of all the works you drew on to write your paper) and notes (numbered source citations that are keyed to particular facts in your paper). In the text of the paper, the notes are indicated with small numbers in superscript—meaning they’re above the line. The notes themselves can be endnotes (meaning they appear at the end of the paper, in numerical order) or footnotes (meaning they are arranged at the end of each page, in numerical order). For notes, indent the first line. For bibliography entries, intent all lines except the first. (FYI: The numbers at the end of many of the notes refer to the page or pages your information comes from—even though there is no “p.” to clue you in to that fact.) Here’s a guide to citing various types of materials.
Books
Book With One Author
Note
1. Wendy Doniger, Splitting the Difference (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 65.
Bibliography
Doniger, Wendy. Splitting the Difference. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
Book With Two Authors
Note
1. Guy Cowlishaw and Robin Dunbar, Primate Conservation Biology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 104–7.
Bibliography
Cowlishaw, Guy, and Robin Dunbar. Primate Conservation Biology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
Book With Three Authors
Note
1. Rinaldo, Denise, Hannah Mermelstein, and Ragan O’Malley, The Beauty of Silence (Shangri-La: Zen UP, 2014), 7-11.
Bibliography
Rinaldo, Denise, Hannah Mermelstein, and Ragan O’Malley. The Beauty of Silence. Shangri-La: Zen UP, 2014.
Book With Four or More Authors
Note
1. Edward O. Laumann et al., The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 262.
Bibliography
Laumann, Edward O., John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael, and Stuart Michaels.
The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
Book with Editor, Translator, or Compiler Instead of Author
Note
1. Richmond Lattimore, trans., The Iliad of Homer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951), 91–92.
Bibliography
Lattimore, Richmond, trans. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1951.
Book with Editor, Translator, or Compiler in Addition to Author
Note
1. Yves Bonnefoy, New and Selected Poems, ed. John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 22.
Bibliography
Bonnefoy, Yves. New and Selected Poems. Edited by John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.
Book Published Electronically
Note
1. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/ (accessed June 27, 2006).
Bibliography
Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1987. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/ (accessed June 27, 2006).
Journal Articles
Article in a Print Journal
Note
1. John Maynard Smith, “The Origin of Altruism,” Nature 393 (1998): 639.
Bibliography
Smith, John Maynard. “The Origin of Altruism.” Nature 393 (1998): 639–40.
Article in an Online Journal
Note
1. Mark A. Hlatky et al., “Quality-of-Life and Depressive Symptoms,” Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 5 (2002), http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v287n5/rfull/joc10108.html#aainfo (accessed January 7, 2004).
Bibliography
Hlatky, Mark A., Derek Boothroyd, Eric Vittinghoff, Penny Sharp, and Mary A.
Whooley. “Quality-of-Life and Depressive Symptoms”Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 5 (February 6, 2002), http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v287n5/rfull/joc10108.html#aainfo (accessed January 7, 2004).
Encyclopedias
Print Encyclopedia Entry
Note
1. John, Smith, “Modern Art,” in Encyclopedia of the Arts. 5th ed. (if the article is signed by an author)
1. “Napoleon,” In Columbia Encyclopedia, 4th ed., s.v. (if the article is unsigned)
Bibliography
Smith, John. “Modern Art.” In Encyclopedia of the Arts. 5th ed. (if the article is signed by an author) “Napoleon.” In Columbia Encyclopedia, 4th ed. (if article is unsigned)
Online Encyclopedia Entry
Note
1. “Reformation,” in Encyclopedia Britannica from Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Available http://search.eb.com/eb/article?tocId=9063023.
(accessed March 1, 2012.)
Bibliography
“Reformation.” In Encyclopedia Britannica from Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Available http://search.eb.com/eb/article?tocId=9063023.
(accessed March 1, 2012.)
Other Sources
Popular Magazine Article
Note
1. Steve Martin, “Sports-Interview Shocker,” New Yorker, May 6, 2002, 84.
Bibliography
Martin, Steve. “Sports-Interview Shocker.” New Yorker, May 6, 2002.
Newspaper Article
Newspaper articles may be cited in running text (“As William Niederkorn noted in a New York Times article on June 20, 2002, . . . “) instead of in a note, and they are commonly omitted from a bibliography as well. The following examples show the more formal versions of the citations.
Note
1. William S. Niederkorn, “A Scholar Recants on His ‘Shakespeare’ Discovery,” New York Times, June 20, 2002, Arts section, Midwest edition.
Bibliography
Niederkorn, William S. “A Scholar Recants on His ‘Shakespeare’ Discovery.” New York Times, June 20, 2002, Arts section, Midwest edition.
Book Review
Note
1. James Gorman, “Endangered Species,” review of The Last American Man, by Elizabeth Gilbert, New York Times Book Review, June 2, 2002, 16.
Bibliography
Gorman, James. “Endangered Species.” Review of The Last American Man, by Elizabeth Gilbert. New York Times Book Review, June 2, 2002.
Web Site
Web sites may be cited in running text (“On its Web site, the Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees states . . .”) instead of in notes, and they are commonly omitted from a bibliography as well. The examples here show the more formal versions of the citations.
Note
1. Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees, “Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 2000–2010: A Decade of Outreach,” Evanston Public Library, http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html (accessed June 1, 2005).
Bibliography
Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. “Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 2000–2010: A Decade of Outreach.” Evanston Public Library. http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html (accessed June 1, 2005).
Weblog Entry or Comment
Weblog entries or comments may be cited in running text (“In a comment posted to the Becker-Posner Blog on March 6, 2006, Peter Pearson noted . . .”) instead of in a note, and they are commonly omitted from a bibliography as well. The following examples show the more formal versions of the citations.
Note
1. Peter Pearson, comment on “The New American Dilemma: Illegal Immigration,” The Becker-Posner Blog, comment posted March 6, 2006, http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/archives/2006/03/the_new_america.html#c080052 (accessed March 28, 2006).
Bibliography
Becker-Posner Blog, The. http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/ (accessed March 28, 2006).
E-mail Message
E-mail messages may be cited in running text (“In an e-mail message to the author on October 31, 2005, John Doe revealed . . .”) instead of in a note or a parenthetical citation, and they are rarely listed in a bibliography or reference list. The following example shows the more formal version of a note.
Note
1. John Doe, e-mail message to author, October 31, 2005.
Unpublished Interview by Writer of Paper
Note
1. Ragan O’Malley, Head of Saint Ann’s School Library, interview by author, 23 September, 2012, Brooklyn, New York, digital audio recording.
Bibliography
O’Malley, Ragan. Head of Saint Ann’s School Library. Interview by author, 23 September, 2012, Brooklyn, New York. Digital audio recording.
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Examples taken from University of Chicago Press Turabian Citation Guide.
http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/turabian/turabian_citationguide.html
To create citations online, go to: eturabian.com, citationmachine.net, or use Easybib (be sure to create an Easybib account INSIDE THE SCHOOL BUILDING).